{"id":3900,"date":"2026-10-18T06:14:44","date_gmt":"2026-10-18T06:14:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/birpub.org\/ijois\/?post_type=journal_article&#038;p=3900"},"modified":"2026-10-18T06:14:46","modified_gmt":"2026-10-18T06:14:46","slug":"economic-environmental-factors-and-employee-performance-in-food-and-beverage-manufacturing-firms-in-enugu-state","status":"publish","type":"journal_article","link":"https:\/\/birpub.org\/ijois\/journal_article\/economic-environmental-factors-and-employee-performance-in-food-and-beverage-manufacturing-firms-in-enugu-state\/","title":{"rendered":"Economic Environmental Factors and Employee Performance in Food and Beverage Manufacturing Firms in Enugu State"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ugwuode, Onyedikachi<sup>1<\/sup>\u00a0 &amp;\u00a0 Prof. Elizabeth Okechukwu<sup>2<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><em>This study examined the relationship between economic environmental factors and employee performance in food and beverage manufacturing firms in Enugu State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to examine the relationship between the inflation rate and employee output, and to determine the relationship between interest rates and employee retention in food and beverage manufacturing firms in Enugu State. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population comprised 297 selected senior staff members of the firms under study. The entire population was included in the study because of its relatively small size. Of the 297 questionnaires administered, 256 were returned and correctly completed. The data were presented and analysed using mean scores and standard deviations based on a Likert scale, while the hypotheses were tested using the Z-test statistic. The findings indicated that the inflation rate had a significant positive relationship with employee output (Z = 10.063, p &gt; 0.05). Similarly, interest rates had a significant positive relationship with employee retention in food and beverage manufacturing firms in Enugu State (Z = 10.188, p &gt; 0.05). The study concluded that the inflation rate and interest rates had significant positive relationships with employee output and employee retention, respectively, in food and beverage manufacturing firms in Enugu State. Based on these findings, the study recommended, among other measures, that management should adopt a proactive compensation policy that periodically reviews wages and adjusts them in line with the prevailing inflation rate.<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Keywords: <\/em><\/strong><em>Economic environmental factors, employee performance, inflation rate, interest rates, employee output, employee retention.<\/em><em><\/em><strong><em>Cite: <\/em><\/strong>Ugwuode, O.&nbsp; &amp;&nbsp; Okechukwu, E.(2026). Economic Environmental Factors and Employee Performance in Food and Beverage Manufacturing Firms in Enugu State.<em> International Journal of Organizational Intelligence and Systems,4<\/em><em> <\/em>(4), 309-330. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.23447496\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.23447496<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/birpub.org\/ijois\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2026\/10\/IJOIS_44309-330.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of IJOIS_44,309 - 330.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-a99a2f51-4d4c-4c59-a730-97a4fc9fac4a\" href=\"https:\/\/birpub.org\/ijois\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2026\/10\/IJOIS_44309-330.pdf\">IJOIS_44,309 &#8211; 330<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/birpub.org\/ijois\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2026\/10\/IJOIS_44309-330.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-a99a2f51-4d4c-4c59-a730-97a4fc9fac4a\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"template":"","journal_article_cats":[239],"class_list":["post-3900","journal_article","type-journal_article","status-publish","hentry","journal_article_cat-vol-4-no-4"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.1 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Economic Environmental Factors and Employee Performance in Food and Beverage Manufacturing Firms in Enugu State - International Journal of Organizational Intelligence and Systems (IJOIS)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This study examined the relationship between economic environmental factors and employee performance in food and beverage manufacturing firms in Enugu State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to examine the relationship between the inflation rate and employee output, and to determine the relationship between interest rates and employee retention in food and beverage manufacturing firms in Enugu State. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population comprised 297 selected senior staff members of the firms under study. The entire population was included in the study because of its relatively small size. Of the 297 questionnaires administered, 256 were returned and correctly completed. The data were presented and analysed using mean scores and standard deviations based on a Likert scale, while the hypotheses were tested using the Z-test statistic. The findings indicated that the inflation rate had a significant positive relationship with employee output (Z = 10.063, p &gt; 0.05). Similarly, interest rates had a significant positive relationship with employee retention in food and beverage manufacturing firms in Enugu State (Z = 10.188, p &gt; 0.05). The study concluded that the inflation rate and interest rates had significant positive relationships with employee output and employee retention, respectively, in food and beverage manufacturing firms in Enugu State. Based on these findings, the study recommended, among other measures, that management should adopt a proactive compensation policy that periodically reviews wages and adjusts them in line with the prevailing inflation rate.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/birpub.org\/ijois\/journal_article\/economic-environmental-factors-and-employee-performance-in-food-and-beverage-manufacturing-firms-in-enugu-state\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Economic Environmental Factors and Employee Performance in Food and Beverage Manufacturing Firms in Enugu State\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This study examined the relationship between economic environmental factors and employee performance in food and beverage manufacturing firms in Enugu State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to examine the relationship between the inflation rate and employee output, and to determine the relationship between interest rates and employee retention in food and beverage manufacturing firms in Enugu State. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population comprised 297 selected senior staff members of the firms under study. The entire population was included in the study because of its relatively small size. Of the 297 questionnaires administered, 256 were returned and correctly completed. The data were presented and analysed using mean scores and standard deviations based on a Likert scale, while the hypotheses were tested using the Z-test statistic. The findings indicated that the inflation rate had a significant positive relationship with employee output (Z = 10.063, p &gt; 0.05). Similarly, interest rates had a significant positive relationship with employee retention in food and beverage manufacturing firms in Enugu State (Z = 10.188, p &gt; 0.05). The study concluded that the inflation rate and interest rates had significant positive relationships with employee output and employee retention, respectively, in food and beverage manufacturing firms in Enugu State. Based on these findings, the study recommended, among other measures, that management should adopt a proactive compensation policy that periodically reviews wages and adjusts them in line with the prevailing inflation rate.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/birpub.org\/ijois\/journal_article\/economic-environmental-factors-and-employee-performance-in-food-and-beverage-manufacturing-firms-in-enugu-state\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"International Journal of Organizational Intelligence and Systems (IJOIS)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-10-18T06:14:46+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/birpub.org\\\/ijois\\\/journal_article\\\/economic-environmental-factors-and-employee-performance-in-food-and-beverage-manufacturing-firms-in-enugu-state\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/birpub.org\\\/ijois\\\/journal_article\\\/economic-environmental-factors-and-employee-performance-in-food-and-beverage-manufacturing-firms-in-enugu-state\\\/\",\"name\":\"Economic Environmental Factors and Employee Performance in Food and Beverage Manufacturing Firms in Enugu State - International Journal of Organizational Intelligence and Systems (IJOIS)\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/birpub.org\\\/ijois\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2026-10-18T06:14:44+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-10-18T06:14:46+00:00\",\"description\":\"This study examined the relationship between economic environmental factors and employee performance in food and beverage manufacturing firms in Enugu State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to examine the relationship between the inflation rate and employee output, and to determine the relationship between interest rates and employee retention in food and beverage manufacturing firms in Enugu State. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population comprised 297 selected senior staff members of the firms under study. The entire population was included in the study because of its relatively small size. Of the 297 questionnaires administered, 256 were returned and correctly completed. The data were presented and analysed using mean scores and standard deviations based on a Likert scale, while the hypotheses were tested using the Z-test statistic. The findings indicated that the inflation rate had a significant positive relationship with employee output (Z = 10.063, p > 0.05). Similarly, interest rates had a significant positive relationship with employee retention in food and beverage manufacturing firms in Enugu State (Z = 10.188, p > 0.05). The study concluded that the inflation rate and interest rates had significant positive relationships with employee output and employee retention, respectively, in food and beverage manufacturing firms in Enugu State. Based on these findings, the study recommended, among other measures, that management should adopt a proactive compensation policy that periodically reviews wages and adjusts them in line with the prevailing inflation rate.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/birpub.org\\\/ijois\\\/journal_article\\\/economic-environmental-factors-and-employee-performance-in-food-and-beverage-manufacturing-firms-in-enugu-state\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/birpub.org\\\/ijois\\\/journal_article\\\/economic-environmental-factors-and-employee-performance-in-food-and-beverage-manufacturing-firms-in-enugu-state\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/birpub.org\\\/ijois\\\/journal_article\\\/economic-environmental-factors-and-employee-performance-in-food-and-beverage-manufacturing-firms-in-enugu-state\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/birpub.org\\\/ijois\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Economic Environmental Factors and Employee Performance in Food and Beverage Manufacturing Firms in Enugu State\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/birpub.org\\\/ijois\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/birpub.org\\\/ijois\\\/\",\"name\":\"International Journal of Organizational Intelligence and Systems (IJOIS)\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/birpub.org\\\/ijois\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Economic Environmental Factors and Employee Performance in Food and Beverage Manufacturing Firms in Enugu State - International Journal of Organizational Intelligence and Systems (IJOIS)","description":"This study examined the relationship between economic environmental factors and employee performance in food and beverage manufacturing firms in Enugu State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to examine the relationship between the inflation rate and employee output, and to determine the relationship between interest rates and employee retention in food and beverage manufacturing firms in Enugu State. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population comprised 297 selected senior staff members of the firms under study. The entire population was included in the study because of its relatively small size. Of the 297 questionnaires administered, 256 were returned and correctly completed. The data were presented and analysed using mean scores and standard deviations based on a Likert scale, while the hypotheses were tested using the Z-test statistic. The findings indicated that the inflation rate had a significant positive relationship with employee output (Z = 10.063, p > 0.05). 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